HTTP Status Codes and When to Use Each One

A Contract, Not Decoration

Every HTTP response starts with a three-digit code, and clients act on it: browsers show pages, caches store or discard, crawlers index or skip, SDKs retry or give up. Choosing the wrong code is not pedantry — it silently changes behaviour across the entire internet-facing chain.

The Six Families You Actually Need

1xx — Informational. Rare in application code; you will mostly ignore these.

2xx — Success.

• 200 OK — the request worked, body attached (GET, PUT success).

• 201 Created — a resource now exists; include its location.

• 204 No Content — succeeded with nothing to say (DELETE is the classic case).

3xx — Redirection and caching.

• 301 Moved Permanently — the URL has permanently moved; browsers and crawlers update their records. Wrong for temporary problems: it is cached aggressively.

• 302/307 — temporary redirect; keep using the original URL.

• 304 Not Modified — your If-None-Match/If-Modified-Since matched; send no body. This is what no-cache (revalidate) relies on to stay cheap.

4xx — the client's mistake.

• 400 Bad Request — malformed syntax (broken JSON, invalid encoding).

• 401 vs 403 — 401 = who are you? (no/invalid credentials); 403 = I know who you are and the answer is no. Mixing them up breaks every auth library's retry logic.

• 404 Not Found — resource does not exist.

• 405 Method Not Allowed — exists, but not for this verb; send an Allow header.

• 409 Conflict — state contradiction (duplicate creation).

• 413 Payload Too Large — body over your limit; better than dying on OOM.

• 422 Unprocessable Entity — syntax fine, semantics wrong: this is the honest code for "your URLs point at the wrong host" (IndexNow uses it exactly this way).

• 429 Too Many Requests — rate limited; send Retry-After.

5xx — your mistake.

• 500 Internal Server Error — unhandled exception; the generic crash.

• 502 Bad Gateway / 504 Gateway Timeout — an upstream proxy could not get an answer; a reverse proxy emits these when your app is down or slow.

• 503 Service Unavailable — deliberately down for maintenance; include Retry-After.

Choices That Bite Small Sites

• Returning 200 with an error body — every monitoring tool thinks you are healthy. Use 503 on health if the app is genuinely broken.

• 404 for API paths that exist but errored — crawlers delete pages, SDKs cache confusion. Errors are 4xx/5xx; missing is 404.

• Redirect loops from mixed 301s — one permanent redirect per hop, always to the canonical host; never 301 back and forth.

• SPA catch-all serving index.html with 200 for every URL — creates infinite soft-404s for crawlers. Serve real 404 (the framework's not-found route) for unknown paths.

A One-Line Sanity Check

``js
res.status(404).json({ error: 'Page not found', path: req.originalUrl });
``

The body helps humans; the code drives machines. Get the code right first, then write whatever message you like — caches, crawlers, and client libraries never read your prose.